GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
OPEN FILE 7110

A GIS Petroleum Prospectivity Map of the Northern Mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor)

P.K. Hannigan

2013

                                               

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
OPEN FILE 7110

A GIS Petroleum Prospectivity Map of the Northern Mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor)

P.K. Hannigan

2013

©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2013

doi:10.4095/292148

This publication is available for free download through GEOSCAN (http://geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/).

Recommended citation
 Hannigan, P.K., 2013. A GIS Petroleum Prospectivity Map of the Northern Mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor); Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7110. doi:10.4095/292148

Publications in this series have not been edited; they are released as submitted by the author.

A GIS PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVITY MAP OF THE NORTHERN MAINLAND OF CANADA (MACKENZIE CORRIDOR)

Scientific Notes

P.K. Hannigan 
Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada

With contributions by D.W. Morrow
Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada

1. Compilation of A GIS petroleum prospectivity map of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor)

1.1. Abstract

As part of Geomapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) activities for Canada’s north, participants in the Mackenzie Delta and Corridor project have co-operated to produce a new digital map illustrating areas of varying petroleum potential in Canada’s northern mainland, specifically in the region commonly known as the Mackenzie Corridor which encompasses areas of sedimentary rock along and proximal to the Mackenzie River and includes the proposed route of the Mackenzie Valley natural gas pipeline. The map includes complete coverage of areas of petroleum potential in the Interior Platform and Northern Foreland Belt geological provinces between latitudes 60o and 70o north. The map depicts unique regions of petroleum potential based on a petroleum richness factor (barrels of oil equivalent/square kilometer) assigned to previously assessed oil and gas exploration plays that commonly overlap each other.

1.2. Purpose

Identified applications of the petroleum prospectivity map and database include 1) providing a new geological and physiographic context for all potential Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary petroleum reservoirs in the northern mainland of Canada; 2) encouraging effective frontier energy exploration through wider dissemination of petroleum potential datasets; and 3) providing an interpretation of petroleum potential in the Mackenzie Corridor that can be used by governments and land claimants to help evaluate jurisdictional claims.

After completion of the first comprehensive probabilistic exploration-play based resource assessment of petroleum potential in the region published as Petroleum resource potential of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor), GSC Open File 6757, it was deemed appropriate to produce a compilation map with accompanying database showing areas of varying petroleum potential in the region. Open File 6757 contains individual exploration play maps defined on the basis of the extents of their subsurface potential reservoir(s). Complications are introduced when exploration plays of varying petroleum potential overlap due to their stratigraphic and geographic positions. This report attempts to rectify these complications by presenting a single petroleum potential map showing areas ranging from very high to very low potential. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) map was deemed appropriate to achieve this, because of its superior ability to visualize geographic data occurring at various depths and relative position by layers. The GIS software also provides a means for spatial analysis of the data. Thirty-seven conventional exploration plays were defined in the Mackenzie Corridor study area, of which 30 had sufficient data for quantitative probabilistic evaluation. Most plays also had oil and natural gas petroleum phases that were evaluated separately, and occasionally encompassed unique oil and gas play areas dependent on interpreted charge and thermal maturity of potential source rock. 

1.3. Method

1.3.1. Previous work

The petroleum resource assessment project of the Mackenzie Corridor and publication provides the underlying data for the construction of the prospectivity or petroleum potential map of this document. The resource assessment project began in 2003 when basin analysis was initiated on the sedimentary rocks of the northern mainland of Canada. Basin analysis or synthesis needs to be completed in order to understand the underlying geological framework that may affect petroleum generation and accumulation. The goal of basin analysis was the identification of active or potential petroleum systems. To achieve this, one requires a broad knowledge and understanding of the geology of the basin. Understanding the stratigraphy provides a basic component of basin analysis with its identification of stratal units, their thicknesses, lithologies and facies distributions, together with stratal sequence surfaces, unconformities and depositional environments. Other aspects of basin analysis include studies of structural framework and tectonic history. Additional important elements include the understanding of thermal and burial histories of source rocks and reservoirs, their identification and regional distribution, and petroleum generation, migration and preservation. Diagenetic characteristics of reservoir and the exploration history of the basin were also compiled. 

Sufficient information was compiled by 2005 to proceed to the next step; the definition of all geological petroleum exploration plays for the region. Definitions of play type and play area are essential objectives of the basin analysis that precedes any numerical resource evaluation. The petroleum play is the fundamental unit of assessment and exploration. Traditionally, the petroleum play is defined on the basis of the reservoir strata in which the oil and/or gas accumulations occur or may occur. Therefore, a play map would reflect the subsurface extent of the potential reservoir or reservoirs. However, reservoir does not have to be the basis for play definition. For instance, a play could be defined on the basis of trap-type or timing of structure formation. Most plays in this study were defined on the basis of reservoir. Most plays have both an oil and gas component requiring two computational runs. Play area boundaries for oil and gas components may not be coincident, depending on the distribution and maturity characteristics of potential source rocks. 

A properly defined play will possess a single population of pools and/or prospects that share a common history of hydrocarbon generation, migration, reservoir development and trap configuration. Pools and/or prospects in a play form a natural geological population characterized by one or more of the following: age, depositional model, structural style, trapping mechanism, geometry and diagenesis. Pools and prospects in a well-defined play form a population limited to a specific area and are homogeneous in terms of geology and risk characteristics. Play definitions can be very broad or quite restricted. However, it is important to properly define the play so that it corresponds to a single statistical population. A mixed population, derived from an improperly defined play will not satisfy the statistical assumptions required for the application of the evaluation models and will adversely impact on the quality of the resource estimate. Usually, as geological knowledge increases as a result of exploration, plays become subdivided into better defined units, thus, permitting more specific and reliable estimates. This work culminated in the publication of a detailed qualitative discussion of these plays and their petroleum potential. The document was delivered as Open File Report Number 5343 published in 2006 called “Oil and Gas Potential of the Northern Mainland, Canada (Mackenzie Corridor and Northern Yukon)” by P. Hannigan, J. Dixon and D. Morrow. 

Once the plays were properly defined and mapped, pertinent petroleum data can be compiled.  In mature plays with an appropriate number of discoveries, a pool list with discovery dates and in-place play volumes were compiled for direct entry into the discovery process model of PRIMES (Petroleum Resource Information Management and Evaluation System), Geological Survey of Canada’s in-house petroleum resource evaluation tool. The pool lists were examined to ensure that they are consistent with the play definition and within the play boundaries. 

With respect to immature and conceptual plays for which the volumetric probability distribution method was applied, compilation of play data was the most laborious and time-consuming part of the procedure. Two sets of information were required to evaluate immature and conceptual plays: pool size and number of pools probability distributions.

The pool size distribution relies on describing each variable as a probability distribution in the pool size equation. The probability distribution describes the range of possible values of the variable for each pool or prospect in the play. Probability distributions of reservoir parameters such as prospect area, reservoir thickness or net pay, porosity, trap fill, water saturation and oil or gas formation volume factors are needed for entry into the standard pool-size volumetric equation. A pool is defined as a petroleum accumulation typically within a single stratigraphic interval that is hydrodynamically separate from another accumulation. A field, on the other hand, is a defined area of petroleum accumulation without stratigraphic or hydrodynamic restrictions. Pool size distributions were used in the northern mainland assessment in order to be consistent with discoveries already classified as pools in northern Alberta and British Columbia. Seismic, geophysical well logs and outcrop data prove useful in identifying limits for sizes of prospect area, reservoir thickness and sometimes porosity and water saturation limits. The incorporation of as much objective data as available is essential for each variable, but subjective opinion and analogue data are entered where objective data is missing. Research in similar hydrocarbon-bearing habitats is also important in order to provide reasonable constraints on reservoir parameters as well as to supply additional information that may prove useful in cases where particular reservoir parameters are unknown. All of these probability distributions are combined to create a pool size distribution for the play.  

Another essential parameter to be determined is the probability distribution of the number of pools in the defined play. Two sets of data are needed; the exploration risk of the play and the number of prospects distribution. 

Regarding exploration risk, it is always possible that a prospect may not contain hydrocarbons. Thus, associated with each prospect is an exploration risk that measures the probability of the prospect being an oil or gas pool. Geological risk factors that determine accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbons are the presence of adequate closure, porosity, seal, timing, source, maturation and charge. These risk factors can be assigned at either a play-level or prospect-level, but not both. Play-level risk measures the marginal probability that a geological risk factor affects all prospects in a play equally. Prospect-level risk measures the risk factor according to a prospect-by-prospect basis. The geological risk factor presence or absence is represented by a marginal probability ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. Higher risk is represented by lower marginal probability. For the prospect to be a pool, simultaneous presence of all the critical geological factors in the prospect is necessary. The exploration risk for the play is the product of all the critical marginal probabilities of risk factors in the play. The determination of risk is usually derived by subjective opinion with respect to the combined knowledge of experts most familiar with the geology of the basin. Appropriate play analogues reporting risk factor probabilities can be utilized. Examining all exploratory wells targeting the play and determining their reason or reasons for failure can provide information on geological risk factor probabilities.   

The second data set needed to determine the number of pools distribution is the number of prospects distribution. There are three inputs needed for this distribution, a minimum, median and maximum number. The minimum number of prospects can be derived by counting the number of closures or anomalies on seismic time and structural contour maps. The minimum value represents the number of prospects confidently known to exist. Numerous questions or considerations need to be taken into account in order to complete the rest of the distribution. In most instances, in frontier plays, seismic maps do not cover the entire play area. One must consider, therefore, extending over the entire play area the observed density of anomalies present in the mapped areas. This is not the only consideration, however. Small anomalies may be missed due to the density of the seismic grid. Also, as seismic control is improved, some previously mapped structures may become separated into smaller traps, thus increasing the potential number of prospects while reducing their sizes. Seismic data quality may limit the ability to resolve the type of trap under consideration. Subtle stratigraphic traps are often not recognized during the early history of frontier plays when the first seismic datasets are acquired. Areal apportionment takes into account the ratio of coverage of seismic surveys to the total play area but not the density, orientation or quality of seismic data. The areal apportionment result, therefore, represents the median value and the maximum value is reserved for stratigraphic and smaller prospects that may occur in the play.  

Probability distributions of oil and gas pool sizes were combined with estimates of the number of prospects and exploration risk to calculate the sizes of individual undiscovered pools and the play potential. The statistical summation of all pool sizes yields the play potential. Play potentials, pool sizes and number of pools were calculated as probability distributions on which all points were valid. Ranges (P95 to P5) and mean values were reported. Volumes for oil and gas were reported in cubic metres and as in-place values. Recoverable or marketable oil or gas volumes were not reported in the study. Pool-size-by-rank plots and play potential probability distribution curves were presented. 

Among 37 defined plays, it was determined that 30 plays had sufficient information for probabilistic resource evaluation. Total potential for oil and gas were reported with accompanying descriptions and play maps in GSC Open File 6757 Petroleum resource potential of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor) by P.K. Hannigan, D.W. Morrow and B.C. MacLean, published in 2011. These results were then employed to compile the prospectivity map. 

There are two geological provinces in the Mackenzie Corridor study area; the relatively undeformed platform underlying the plains area of Northwest Territories called the Interior Platform, and the deformed fold and thrust belt of the Cordillera in western Northwest Territories and eastern Yukon known as the Northern Foreland Belt. Although potential reservoir and source rock intervals are similar between the two provinces, differences in intensity of deformation and resulting trap sizes require the definition of separate exploration plays. Each play polygon is listed in the geodatabase and displayed on the prospectivity map.

1.3.2. Methodology for production of prospectivity map

As indicated previously, mean in-place volume of discovered and undiscovered oil and gas were calculated for each quantifiable exploration play. The mean oil estimates represent barrel of oil equivalent value for each oil play. Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) is a unit of energy based on the amount of energy released as one burns a barrel of crude oil. One barrel of oil equivalent is roughly equivalent to 6000 cubic feet of gas. This conversion factor was used to obtain a barrel of oil equivalent value for mean volumes of natural gas (these volumes are shown in the accompanying Excel table, Table 1). Oil and natural gas barrel of oil equivalent values were added together to obtain the BOE volume for the oil and gas play. The metric equivalent for BOE is metric tonnes oil equivalent (tOE). BOE was converted to tOE by using the conversion factor 0.146. 

In order to obtain a so-called play richness factor, an assumption was made that oil or gas resources in each exploration play were evenly distributed throughout the total play area.  This assumption of an evenly distributed resource over a play area is not necessarily accurate, in that certain areas of an exploration play may have greater or lesser potential, based on geological factors. Nonetheless, the assumption of an even resource distribution provided a framework for a mathematical technique for evaluating areas of petroleum potential. Play areas were compiled and play richness was defined as tOE per square kilometre (Table 1). Richness values for each play are displayed in column K of Table 1.
 
Arbitrary threshold values were then defined to differentiate areas of varying petroleum potential or prospectivity. These values are:
1) very high potential: >10,000 tOE/km2;
2) high potential: 5000 to 10,000 tOE/km2;
3) moderate to high potential: 1000 to 5000 tOE/km2;
4) moderate potential: 500 to 1000 tOE/km2; 
5) low to moderate potential: 100 to 500 tOE/km2;
6) low potential: <100 tOE/km2; and,
7) very low potential: no assigned value.

The areas of very low potential correspond to the seven plays that had insufficient data for quantitative evaluation. This assignation was considered reasonable at the time of publication because it was assumed that insufficient data likely indicated that the reservoirs included in these plays were never targeted as sites for potential petroleum accumulations during the exploration history of the basin. Industry never considered these plays as significant strata to explore, and thus, the assignation of very low potential. However, future exploration activity may target these plays and drill results with accompanying data may justify a boost in their petroleum potential. 

In order to obtain regional coverages of areas of varying potential, spatial analysis of various overlapping play polygons was required. The intersection of numerous combinations and permutations of play polygons, each with unique petroleum richness values, were performed. Total petroleum richness values were then calculated after each intersection analysis (Table 1). A total of 554 intersection analyses using the Overlay_Intersect tool in ArcGIS were performed in the Interior Platform and 28 in the Foreland Belt. In some cases, polygon intersection analysis revealed no intersection on the map. These intersections are marked blue in Table 1. In other cases, intersection analysis revealed coincident spatial intersection with a previous intersection. In these cases, marked as gold in Table 1, the greatest petroleum richness factor was accepted. 
 
Many geologically-defined plays straddled the Territorial-Provincial boundary and partially occur outside the Mackenzie Corridor project area to the south. These polygons and their intersections were clipped from the map.

As indicated above, tOE/km2 values for gas and oil components were summed to obtain the play’s total petroleum richness factor. If oil and gas phase boundaries are coincident, then the simple Intersect spatial analysis tool can be used. There are, however, certain instances where the oil phase occupies only a portion of the gas play and has its own unique polygon. There are no instances in the project area, where the oil phase in a play is interpreted to occupy a larger area than the gas phase or constitute a play on its own. In these non-coincident cases, the intersection analysis requires further refinement. The oil polygon is intersected first using the oil and gas richness factor. There is a need now to analyze the gas polygon outside the oil polygon. In this case, the gas richness factor for the gas polygon is used in another intersection analysis. Then, the previous intersection analysis using the oil polygon was erased. The Erase tool was used 158 times in the Interior Platform and 7 times in the Foreland Belt (Table 1).

Using the arbitrary threshold richness values above, the Union tool was used to map out the various petroleum potential or prospectivity areas. Each prospectivity polygon in the Interior Platform and Foreland Belt were defined as separate layers in the geodatabase and on the map. The layers were ordered on the map according to petroleum richness with areas of very high potential on top, followed below by high potential, moderate to high potential, etc. 

Petroleum prospectivity is unique to a location. After the Union spatial analysis was completed, various petroleum prospectivity polygon areas overlapped. It was necessary, therefore, to clip areas of lower prospectivity from overlapping regions of higher prospectivity. The Clip tool was used to refine the petroleum prospectivity polygon boundaries.  

Each of the large prospectivity polygons are comprised of multiple small polygons after the Union tool was used. The Dissolve tool was then utilized to produce single polygons for each petroleum prospectivity category. 

2. Source data

2.1 Drainage and coastline

Major rivers, lakes and coastlines for the northern mainland of Canada were derived from the GeoBase data collections.
 
2.2 Place names

The locations of major communities where they appear in the northern mainland region are shown within the map and geodatabase. This compilation includes communities in Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut in Canada. Physiographic and geographic place names are also provided to identify or locate major features within the northern mainland.

2.3 Exploration play polygons

The petroleum exploration plays were defined and mapped by the authors during previous work associated with the production and publication of Petroleum resource potential of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor), GSC Open File 6757. Shapefiles of these play polygons were constructed during this time. The play maps, however, were individually illustrated as Coreldraw figures in the publication.

2.4 Petroleum prospectivity polygons

Diverse spatial analysis tools were applied to various combinations of play polygons with their unique play richness values to obtain the petroleum prospectivity polygons prominently displayed on the compilation map of this publication.    

3. Geospatial parameters

3.1. Extent and scale

The compilation map and database provide complete petroleum potential coverage for areas in the Interior Platform and Northern Foreland Belt geological provinces between latitudes 60o and 70o north and longitudes 112o and 136o west. The data are compiled at 1: 2 000 000 scale.

3.2. Projection and datum

The data are stored in a geodatabase named Prospectivity in the GCS North America 1983 geographic coordinate system using the North American (NAD) 1983 datum. The Central Meridian used in the map display is 126o W. Longitude, the Latitude of Origin is 49o N. and the Standard Parallels are 62.5o N. and 67.5o N. The map is displayed using the Lambert Conformal Conic projection. 

3.3. Software and data format

The map compilation database was created using ESRI® ArcGIS® Destop version 9.3. The petroleum potential and prospectivity spatial database is provided in ESRI file geodatabase format, and accompanying layer files are administered for visualization petroleum potential feature classes within ArcMapTM and ArcReaderTM software.

The ArcMap project file (.mxd) and file geodatabase were created under version 9.3 and are not backwards compatible with older versions of the software.

4. Data structure

4.1 Overview

The main directory of the digital version of Map 7110 contains the data compiled to produce the GIS petroleum prospectivity map of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor). The data is provided in ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 spatial database format, including the geodatabase.

\data
This directory contains all spatial files for visualizing the petroleum prospectivity map.
	
	\gdb
	This sub-directory contains all physiographic and petroleum potential base data and annotation as a file geodatabase, as well as feature-level metadata. Within the Prospectivity.gdb, 66 polygon, 4 polyline, 1 point and 2 annotation georeferenced feature classes are found.

\mxd
This map document contains an ArcMap project file (Prospectivity_map_Mackenzie_Corridor93.mxd) providing a fully symbolized and labeled view of the data as represented on Open File GIS 7110 Map. To ensure correct symbolization and drawing order, the use of this ArcMap.mxd file is recommended. The map document has been saved with all BaseMaps layers and Petroleum Potential Polygon layers turned on for display. Individual petroleum play polygon layers were turned off for display when saved. 

The .mxd file and associated data have the following co-ordinate system parameters:

	Geographic Coordinate System: GCS_North_American_1983
	Angular Unit: Degree (0.017453292519943295)
	Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.000000000000000000)
	Datum: D_North_American_1983
 	Spheroid: GRS_1980
   Semimajor Axis: 6378137.00000000000000000
    	Semiminor Axis: 6356752.314140356100000000
    	Inverse Flattening: 298.257222101000020000

\pmf
This sub-directory contains the published map format (.pmf) files for viewing with ArcReader software. This viewer will allow users without access to ArcGIS software to view and identify feature attributes within the map database.

\shp
This sub-directory contains all shape files for visualizing the base map.

\Communities
	This sub-directory contains all tables and XML documents for visualizing 			labeled locations of major communities in the northern mainland of 			Canada.

\Grid
		This shapefile visualizes the latitude and longitude grid of the base map of 		the northern mainland of Canada.

		\Interior_Plains_Plays
This sub-directory contains all exploration play shapefiles located in the Interior Plains geological province of the northern mainland of Canada.

		\Lakes
		This sub-directory contains all spatial files for visualizing lakes with 				prominent labeled features in the northern mainland of Canada.

		\Northern_Foreland_Belt_Plays
This sub-directory contains all exploration play shapefiles located in the Northern Foreland Belt geological province of the northern mainland of Canada.

\Political
		This sub-directory contains a spatial file for visualizing political 					boundaries in the northern mainland of Canada, specifically boundaries of 				Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut.

		\Rivers
		This sub-directory contains all spatial files for visualizing rivers in the 				northern mainland of Canada.
	\xls
This Excel file contains total play richness values for individual exploration plays and all spatial intersection analyses. The three sheets in the file record the entire set of polygon
intersection analyses using various GIS spatial analysis tools (see section 1.3.2 above for detailed description of the methodology).

\xml
This sub-directory contains all files required for XML zipfile format.

\doc
This directory contains this scientific notes document (of_7110.rtf), an end-user agreement (licence_agreement_e.rtf), a data description document (Data_description.rtf) and a metadata document (Metadata.rtf).

\pdf
This directory contains a .pdf version of the prospectivity map.

\Readme.rtf
This directory contains a .rtf version of the Readme document.

4.2 Petroleum exploration play polygon data

Various numeric and text fields describe the petroleum exploration play polygon data. The numeric fields include area and perimeter measurements (marked as Area and Perimeter) on the map and area and perimeter measurements of the total play (marked as Shape_Length and Shape_Area) in square metres and metres, respectively. Numerous exploration plays, especially adjacent to the map’s southern boundary and northern boundary were originally defined according to the full extent of the potential reservoir regardless of political boundaries. Many plays according to geological play definition extend south of the map area into northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Consequently, plays straddling the provincial/territorial boundary as well as the few plays extending north of 70o latitude will display different Area and Shape_Area and Perimeter and Shape_Length values. Other numeric fields displayed in the polygon’s attribute table is mean play potential for oil, if available, and for natural gas in millions of cubic metres, mean play potential in millions of metric million tonnes oil equivalent for oil, if available, and for natural gas and play richness for oil, natural gas and oil and gas combined in metric tonnes oil equivalent per square kilometer. These supplementary petroleum volume numeric fields were added to the attribute table and were derived from the Excel Table 1 file. 

The text fields describing the play polygons include the play name, author, reference, geological province, petroleum type(s) and textual description of the petroleum potential, such as high, very high, low, etc.

4.3 Petroleum potential polygon data

These polygons which also represent petroleum prospectivity are derived from various spatial analysis tools as described in the methodology in preparing the prospectivity map in section 1.3.2 above. A total of 940 intersection and erase operations were required to produce the spatial data needed to produce the 14 categories of petroleum prospectivity displayed on the map. These 940 spatial analysis operations with their resultant polygons were deleted from the map and the geodatabase to reduce data clutter. The fourteen petroleum prospectivity polygons displayed on the map represent the final Union spatial analysis operation where polygons of defined play richness limits were combined and then clipped (see Methodology section). The Dissolve tool was utilized to produce the final fourteen polygons. 

5. Cartographic representation

5.1 Petroleum exploration play polygons

Colour fills were randomly chosen but plays of similar definition in both geological provinces were assigned the same colour fill.

5.2 Petroleum potential polygons

Colour fill was chosen according to petroleum potential; warm colours (red and orange) for regions of relatively high petroleum potential and cool colours for regions of relatively low potential (green and blue).

6. Acknowledgements

This publication was completed with the assistance and contributions of a number of people. Dave Morrow compiled the shapefiles for physiographic, hydrographic and placename features. Morrow also digitized the exploration play polygons. Larry MacDonald advised the authors on ArcGIS production and publication. Karen Fallas provided a critical review of the map and accompanying documents.

7. References

Hannigan, P.K., Dixon, J., and Morrow, D.W., 2006. Oil and gas potential of the northern mainland, Canada (Mackenzie Corridor and northern Yukon); Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5343, 1 CD-ROM. doi:10.4095/222774

Hannigan, P.K., Morrow, D.W., and MacLean, B.C., 2011. Petroleum resource potential of the northern mainland of Canada (Mackenzie Corridor); Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 6757, 1 CD-ROM. doi:10.4095/289095