PEATLANDS OF CANADA
DATABASE
Geological Survey of
Canada
Open File 4002
Table
of Contents:
1.
Introduction
2.
Peatland Definitions
3.
Peatland Development
4. Database Compilation
5. Digital Database Format
6.
Credits and Citation
1.
INTRODUCTION
Canada
has the largest area of peatlands in the world, encompassing 12% of the land
area or 1.1x10 km 2. These peatlands are essential to the global
environment because they retain, purify and deliver fresh water, store carbon,
absorb pollutants and support numerous species of plants and wildlife, many of
them identified as endangered.
Open
File 4002 consists of 3 elements:
i)
a
digital peatland database, distributed in ARC/EXPORT format (e00) and ESRI
Shape format (shp), found under the directory/folder "data".
-base data (hydro) also included
ii)
an
ESRI plot file (gra) and a Postscript plot file (ps) of the Peatlands of Canada
Map, called, found under the directory/folder "printfiles"
iii)
a
readme file in HTML and ASCII formats at the root directory/folder level
2.
DEFINITIONS
Peat
is
material consisting largely of organic residues originating under more or less
water‑saturated conditions through the incomplete decomposition of plant
and animal constituents. It forms as a result of anaerobic conditions, low temperatures,
and other complex causes.
Peatlands (formerly referred to
as organic terrain or muskeg) are wetlands with massive deposits of peat that
are at least 40 cm thick (National Wetlands Working Group, 1988). Each of the
four classes of peatland ‑ bog, fen, swamp or marsh ‑ may take
several to numerous
forms
depending on the climate, hydrology, presence or absence of permafrost, form
and composition of underlying surficial materials.
Bogs are peatlands having
the water table at or near the surface (National Wetlands Working Group, 1988).
Since the bog surface, which may be either raised or level with the surrounding
terrain, is virtually unaffected by nutrient rich groundwater from the
surrounding mineral
soils,
it is generally acid and low in nutrients. The dominant materials are weakly to
moderately decomposed sphagnum and woody peat, underlain at times by sedge
peat. Bogs, which may be treed or treeless, are usually covered with Sphagnum
spp. and ericaceous shrubs.
Fens are peatlands usually having
the water table at or just above the surface (National Wet‑
lands
Working Group, 1988). The waters are nutrient‑rich and originate from
mineral soils.
The
dominant materials are moderately to well‑decomposed sedge and/or brown
moss peat of
variable
thickness. The vegetation consists predominately of sedges, grasses, reeds,
brown mosses, with some shrubs, and, at times, a sparse tree layer.
Marshs
are
mineral lands or peatlands periodically inundated by standing or slowly moving
water (National Wetlands Working Group, 1988). Surface water levels may
fluctuate
seasonally,
with declining levels exposing drawdown zones of matted vegetation or mudflats.
The nutrient‑rich waters vary from fresh to highly saline. The substratum
usually consists of
mineral
material, although occasionally it consists of well‑decomposed peat.
Marshes characterisically show zonal or mosaic surface patterns composed of
pools or channels interspersed with clumps of emergent sedges, grasses, rushes
and reeds that border grassy meadows and peripheral bands of shrubs or trees.
Submerged and floating aquatics flourish in areas of open water.
Swamps are mineral wetlands or
peatlands with standing water or water gently flowing through pools or channels
(National Wetlands Working Group, 1988). The water table is usually at or near
the surface. Pronounced internal water movement from the margin or other
mineral
sources results in nutrient rich waters. Peat, when present, is primarily well
decomposed wood underlain, at times, by sedge peat. Vegetation is characterized
by a
dense
cover of deciduous or coniferous trees or shrubs, herbs and mosses.
3.
PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT
The
distribution of peatlands is determined by the climate and by the morphology of
the land surface (National Wetlands Working Group, 1988). Climate determines
the amount of water received and retained while the morphology of the land
influences the distribution of the
water
and, thus, the location of peatlands. Peatlands develop initially when areas of
high water table are infilled with peat‑forming vegetation such as that
found in fens and bogs. Bogs are dependant upon rainfall for water
(ombrotrophic), while fens can also obtain water that originates from the
surrounding (adjacent) mineral terrain (minerotrophic).
4.
METHODOLOGY
The
Peatlands of Canada, Open File 4002 is the database associated with an updated
version of the Peatlands of Canada map, released as Geological Survey of
Canada, Open File 3834 (Tarnocai et al., 2000). The first version of the
Peatland of Canada map was released as Geological Survey of Canada, Open File
3152 (Tarnocai et al., 1995). The
databases associated with both of these maps were derived primarily from the
Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) database (Centre for Land and Biological Research,
1996), which contains information about the percentage of land area covered by
the four peatland classes. The current peatland distribution map was generated
using an updated peatland database that has a similar structure to the original
database. The SLC database was the primary source of information for the
Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, the Yukon and parts of
the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Information for the Prairie Provinces
was obtained primarily from Vitt et al. (1995), Halsey and Vitt (1997), Halsey
et al. (1997) and Vitt et al. (in press). It should be noted that, for purposes
of consistency with other sources of data, some units categorized in the
Prairie Provinces as non‑patterned wooded fen have been designated bogs
in this compilation. The Mackenzie River valley area in the western Northwest
Territories was mapped on the basis of peatland information obtained from
Geological Survey of Canada surficial geology maps (Geological Survey of
Canada, B‑series and Open File Maps. 1973‑ 1980). Because peatland
data for the Prairie Provinces and Mackenzie River valley were generated at a
larger scale than that of the SLC landscape polygons, these data sets were
resampled to a comparable scale using the SLC polygon structure. Peatland areas
in the southern Arctic islands, Great Slave Lake area and eastern Nunavut were
delineated on the basis of new air photo interpretations and archived field
data.
5.
DIGITAL DATABASE FORMAT
Projection:
Lambert
Conic Conformal
Units
metres
Datum
NAD27
Standard
parallels: 49 0 0 degrees N
77 0 0 degrees N
Central
meridian: 95 0 0 degrees W
Latititude
of origin: 49 0 0 degrees N
No
x or y shift
The
Peatland spatial cover is a simple cover of peatland types and their
distribution related to each polygon. Associated with each polygon are the
following items.
ITEM NAME |
DESCRIPTION |
TYPE |
WIDTH (Dec) |
PEAT-ID |
Polygon ID |
Binary |
5 (0) |
BOG_PCT |
Percentage of Bog in Polygon |
Integer |
3 |
FEN_PCT |
Percentage of Fen in Polygon |
Integer |
3 |
SWAMP_PCT |
Percentage of Swamp in Polygon |
Integer |
3 |
MARSH_PCT |
Percentage of Marsh in Polygon |
Integer |
3
|
TYPE |
Dominant Peatland Type Values: B = Bog
F = Fen
M = Marsh
S = Swamp
X = Bog and Fen
W = Water body Q = no value (used for editing) |
Integer |
3 |
TOTAL |
Percentage of Peatland in Polygon |
Integer |
3 |
6.
CREDITS AND CITATIONS
RECOMMENDED
CITATION:
For
map:
Tarnocai,
C., I.M. Kettles and B. Lacelle. 2000. Peatlands of Canada. Geological Survey
of Canada, Open File 3834 (1:6 500 000 map).
For
digital data:
Tarnocai,
C., I.M. Kettles and B. Lacelle. 2002. Peatlands of Canada Database. Geological
Survey of Canada, Open File 4002 .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The
authors acknowledge Mike Ballard, Polestar Geomatics, for cartographic and GIS
work on the first Peatlands of Canada map and Linda Halsey, University of
Alberta, for providing digital data files for the Prairie provinces. We would
like to thank Hugo Velduis and S.D. Robinson for their constructive comments.
REFERENCES:
Ecoregions
Working Group. 1989. Ecoclimatic Regions of Canada, First Approximation. Canada
Committee on Ecological Land Classification, Environment Canada, Ecological
Land Classification Series, No. 23, 119 p.
Fulton,
R.J (Comp.). 1995. Surficial Materials of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada.
Map 1880A.
Geological
Survey of Canada, B‑series and Open File Maps. 1973‑1980. NTS
numbers 85D,E; 95A,B,G,I,J,K,N,O; 96C,D,E; 106E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O; 107B;
116H,I,O,P; 117A,B,C,D. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa. 1:125 000 scale
maps.
Halsey,
L.A. and D.H. Vitt. 1997. Peatland inventory data for Saskatchewan (unpublished
data).
Halsey,
L.A., D.H. Vitt, H. Stephens and S. Zoltai. 1997. Wetlands of Manitoba.
1:1,000,000 scale map.
Kettles,
I.M. and C. Tarnocai. In press. Development of a model for estimating the
sensitivity of Canadian peatlands to climate warming. Geographie
Physique and Quaternaire.
Centre
for Land and Biological Research. 1996. Soil Landscapes of Canada, v.2.2.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa.
National
Wetlands Working Group. 1988. Wetlands of Canada. Canada Committee on
Ecological Land Classification, Environment Canada, Ecological Land
Classification Series, No. 24, 454 p.
Soil
Carbon Data Base Working Group. 1993. Soil Carbon Data for Canadian Soils.
Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Research Branch, Agriculture
Canada, Ottawa, 137 p.
Tarnocai,
C. 1989. Peat resources in Canada. in: R.J. Fulton (ed.), Quaternary Geology of
Canada and Greenland, Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 1
Chapter 11, p.676‑684.
Tarnocai,
C., I.M. Kettles and M. Ballard. 1995. Peatlands of Canada. Geological Survey
of Canada, Open File 3152. (map)
Tarnocai, C. 1998. The amount of organic carbon in various soil
orders and ecological provinces in Canada in R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett
and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Soil processes and the Carbon Cycle. CRC Press, Boca
Raton. p.81‑92
Vitt,
D.H., L.A. Halsey, M.N. Thormann and T. Martin. 1995. Peatland inventory of
Alberta. Prepared for the Alberta Task Force and Alberta Environmental
Protection Agency.
Vitt,
D.H., L.A. Halsey, I.E. Bauer, and C. Campbell. In press. Spatial and temporal
trends
in carbon storage of peatlands of continental western Canada through the
Holocene.
Canadian
Journal of Earth Sciences.